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更新日期：2019-01-07
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°C
The Centigrade scale, also known as the Celsius scale, is a temperature scale used by the International System of Units (SI).
As an SI derived unit, it is used by all countries except the United States, the Bahamas, Belize, the Cayman Islands and Liberia.
It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale.
The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale or a unit to indicate a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty.
Before being renamed to honor Anders Celsius in 1948, the unit was called centigrade, from the Latin centum, which means 100, and gradus, which means steps.
From 1743 to 1954, the Celsius scale was based on 0 °C for the freezing point of water and 100 °C for the boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure.
Prior to 1743, the scale was also based on the boiling and melting points of water, but the values were reversed (i.e. the boiling point was at 0 degrees and the melting point was at 100 degrees).
The 1743 scale reversal was proposed by Jean-Pierre Christin.
By international agreement, since 1954 the unit degree Celsius and the Celsius scale are defined by absolute zero and the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW), a specially purified water.
This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature with symbol K.
Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible, is defined as being exactly 0 K and −273.15 °C.
The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as exactly 273.16 K (0.01 °C). This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same.
°Ré
The Réaumur scale (French pronunciation: [ʁeomy(ː)ʁ]; °Ré, °Re, °r), also known as the "octogesimal division", is a temperature scale for which the freezing and boiling points of water are defined as 0 and 80 degrees respectively.
The scale is named for René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, who first proposed a similar scale in 1730.
The Réaumur scale was used widely in Europe, particularly in France, Germany and Russia, and was referenced in the works of Dostoyevsky, Flaubert, Tolstoy, and Nabokov.
By the 1790s, France chose the Celsius scale for the metric system instead of the Réaumur measurements, but it was used commonly in some parts of Europe until at least the mid-19th century, and in parts of Russia until the early 20th.
Its main modern uses are in some Italian and Swiss factories for measuring milk temperature during cheese production, and in the Netherlands for measuring temperature when cooking sugar syrup for desserts and sweets.
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